The Defining Issues Test or the DIT is a component model of moral development devised by James Rest in 1974. The University of Minnesota formally established the Center for the Study of Ethical Development as a vehicle for research around this test in 1982. The DIT is a proprietary self-report measure which uses a Likert-type scale to give.

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1. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
2. The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne
3. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
4. The Giver by Lois Lowry
5. Animal Farm by George Orwell
6. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck
7. Macbeth by William Shakespeare
8. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
9. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe
10. 1984 by George Orwell
11. Wonder by R. J. Palacio
12. The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton
13. The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger
14. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson
15. Lord of the Flies by William Golding
16. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
17. Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson
18. Oedipus Rex by Sophocles
19. Hamlet by William Shakespeare
20. The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas by Ursula K. Le Guin
21. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston
22. The Watsons Go to Birmingham—1963 by Christopher Paul Curtis
23. The Crucible by Arthur Miller
24. The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin
25. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
26. A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner
27. Dante's Inferno by Dante Alighieri
28. To Build a Fire by Jack London
29. Trifles by Susan Glaspell
30. I Am Malala by Malala Yousafzai
31. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott
32. The Odyssey by Homer
33. The Tempest by William Shakespeare
34. Les Misérables by Victor Hugo
35. Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl
36. A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen
37. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot
38. There Will Come Soft Rains by Ray Bradbury
39. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
40. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost
41. Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
42. Everyday Use by Alice Walker
43. The Devil's Arithmetic by Jane Yolen
44. A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
45. Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller
46. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray
47. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost
48. 'I Have a Dream' speech by Martin Luther King Jr.
49. The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry
50. Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison
51. Two Kinds by Amy Tan
52. Great Expectations by Charles Dickens
53. A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry
54. Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Jr.
55. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë
56. The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe
57. The Lady or the Tiger? by Francis Richard Stockton
58. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou
59. Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving
60. A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor
61. The Devil and Tom Walker by Washington Irving
62. Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell
63. Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson
64. The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
65. The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka
66. A Child Called 'It' by Dave Pelzer
67. The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
68. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
69. The Bronze Bow by Elizabeth George Speare
70. The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien
71. Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred D. Taylor
72. A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare
73. Désirée's Baby by Kate Chopin
74. Monster by Walter Dean Myers
75. The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
76. Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie
77. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot
78. The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot
79. Rules of the Game by Amy Tan
80. Thank You, M'am by Langston Hughes
81. The Open Window by Saki
82. How It Feels to Be Colored Me by Zora Neale Hurston
83. How Much Land Does a Man Need? by Leo Tolstoy
84. The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood
85. Freak the Mighty by Rodman Philbrick
86. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë
87. The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe
88. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning
89. The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant
90. The Minister's Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne
91. Night by Elie Wiesel
92. Araby by James Joyce
93. Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell
94. The Rocking-Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence
95. The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe
96. The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois
97. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
98. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
99. This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona by Sherman Alexie
100. Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
101. Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen
102. Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift
103. A&P by John Updike
104. The Last Lecture by Randy Pausch
105. Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare
106. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain
107. An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce
108. Once Upon a Time by Nadine Gordimer
109. A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett
110. The Sniper by Liam O’Flaherty
111. The Stranger by Albert Camus
112. Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson
113. Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold
114. Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett
115. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates
116. Paradise Lost by John Milton
117. Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau
118. All My Sons by Arthur Miller
119. The Fly by Katherine Mansfield
120. Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
121. The Outcasts of Poker Flat by Bret Harte
122. The Monkey's Paw by W. W. Jacobs
123. The Color Purple by Alice Walker
124. Othello by William Shakespeare
125. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
126. She Walks in Beauty by Lord George Gordon Byron
127. The Road by Cormac McCarthy
128. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas
129. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
130. A Worn Path by Eudora Welty
131. Fences by August Wilson
132. Because I could not stop for Death— by Emily Dickinson
133. Antigone by Sophocles
134. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift
135. Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
136. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty by James Thurber
137. The Guest by Albert Camus
138. Walden by Henry David Thoreau
139. The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling
140. Man's Search for Meaning by Viktor Emil Frankl
141. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury
142. A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell
143. On His Blindness by John Milton
144. The Lion and the Jewel by Wole Soyinka
145. The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan
146. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad
147. Hard Times by Charles Dickens
148. The Miracle Worker by William Gibson
149. The Bet by Anton Chekhov
150. The Freedom Writers Diary by Erin Gruwell
151. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
152. The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare
153. Mending Wall by Robert Frost
154. The Awakening by Kate Chopin
155. Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor
156. Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
157. The Possibility of Evil by Shirley Jackson
158. Beowulf by Anonymous, Unknown
159. Eveline by James Joyce
160. Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond
161. Rappaccini's Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
162. Tuesdays With Morrie by Mitch Albom
163. Milkweed by Jerry Spinelli
164. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards
165. Sonny's Blues by James Baldwin
166. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian by Sherman Alexie
167. The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain
168. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe
169. Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson
170. She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith
171. The Demon Lover by Elizabeth Bowen
172. To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell
173. King Lear by William Shakespeare
174. The Scarlet Ibis by James Hurst
175. London by William Blake
176. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
177. Black Beauty by Anna Sewell
178. A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini
179. The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Edward Connell
180. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri
181. The Open Boat by Stephen Crane
182. The Interlopers by Saki
183. A Theory of Justice by John Rawls
184. Roman Fever by Edith Wharton
185. As You Like It by William Shakespeare
186. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer
187. Iliad by Homer
188. The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams
189. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison
190. A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
191. Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne
192. The Book Thief by Markus Zusak
193. Suicide in the Trenches by Siegfried Sassoon
194. Charles by Shirley Jackson
195. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving
196. Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne
197. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County by Mark Twain
198. Raymond's Run by Toni Cade Bambara
199. Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield

BACKGROUND:In 2005, the International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula developed a definition and grading of postoperative pancreatic fistula that has been accepted universally. Eleven years later, because postoperative pancreatic fistula remains one of the most relevant and harmful complications of pancreatic operation, the International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula classification has become the gold standard in defining postoperative pancreatic fistula in clinical practice. The aim of the present report is to verify the value of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula definition and grading of postoperative pancreatic fistula and to update the International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula classification in light of recent evidence that has emerged, as well as to address the lingering controversies about the original definition and grading of postoperative pancreatic fistula.

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METHODS:The International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula reconvened as the International Study Group in Pancreatic Surgery in order to perform a review of the recent literature and consequently to update and revise the grading system of postoperative pancreatic fistula. RESULTS:Based on the literature since 2005 investigating the validity and clinical use of the original International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula classification, a clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula is now redefined as a drain output of any measurable volume of fluid with an amylase level 3 times the upper limit of institutional normal serum amylase activity, associated with a clinically relevant development/condition related directly to the postoperative pancreatic fistula. Consequently, the former 'grade A postoperative pancreatic fistula' is now redefined and called a 'biochemical leak,' because it has no clinical importance and is no longer referred to a true pancreatic fistula. Postoperative pancreatic fistula grades B and C are confirmed but defined more strictly. In particular, grade B requires a change in the postoperative management; drains are either left in place 3 weeks or repositioned through endoscopic or percutaneous procedures.

Grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula refers to those postoperative pancreatic fistula that require reoperation or lead to single or multiple organ failure and/or mortality attributable to the pancreatic fistula. CONCLUSION:This new definition and grading system of postoperative pancreatic fistula should lead to a more universally consistent evaluation of operative outcomes after pancreatic operation and will allow for a better comparison of techniques used to mitigate the rate and clinical impact of a pancreatic fistula. Use of this updated classification will also allow for more precise comparisons of surgical quality between surgeons and units who perform pancreatic surgery.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.